Written by Urszula Gontek
We’ve all been there: a deadline looming, a blank document staring back at us, and yet, we find ourselves scrolling through social media or feeling the sudden urge to reorganize our closet. Procrastination is particularly prominent in the high-pressure university environment, in fact, a 2007 study found that approximately 80-95% of university students admit to procrastinating, making procrastination a highly universal experience (Novotney, 2010). Procrastination can generally be characterized by, as what Timothy Pychyl describes, the “gap between intention and action”, where we intentionally delay an important task, despite knowing that we’ll suffer as a result.
Do some people actually benefit from procrastination?
Psychologist Timothy Pychyl referred to procrastination as a “self-inflicted wound”, but can some people benefit from procrastinating habits? Many procrastinators share a similar self-soothing rhetoric, believing they benefit from procrastination because they work better under pressure, however, a study by psychologists Tice and Baumeister found that students who procrastinate tend to have lower overall grades. The reason, they suggest, is due to a mental process called “pondering”. Pondering is a proactive behavior where a person engages in contemplative slow thought, analyzing various perspectives of a situation, improving our ability to problem-solve immensely. When we procrastinate, we lose the time to ponder which can take a toll on academic performance.
The study also found that procrastinators had significantly higher stress levels and even more instances of illness (Jaffe, 2013). Procrastinators are also affected mentally, often reporting feelings like guilt, dread, shame, and anxiety. So why do we keep procrastinating if it makes us feel so bad?
Why do we procrastinate?
- Instant Gratification: As humans, we naturally seek pleasure and avoid discomfort (Martin, 2021). This drive makes it easy to fall into the trap of seeking instant gratification, causing us to choose instant rewards, like scrolling social media, over delayed rewards, like finishing an assignment. We choose actions which feel good in the moment despite the decision causing discomfort in the future. Our brain’s dopamine reward system plays a major role in such decisions. Dopamine, released in anticipation for short, pleasurable activities, makes distractions feel more rewarding than tackling a difficult task. In the long-term, giving into instant gratification urges, like procrastination, weakens the dopamine pathways involved with motivation and self-regulation, making it even harder to focus on long-term goals (Martin, 2021). This creates a vicious habit loop where distractions become harder to resist, making us a slave to our dopamine system, ultimately deepening the severity of our procrastination.
- Fear of Failure and Perfectionism: A majority of students tend to procrastinate due to their perfectionism and/or underlying fear of failure. Perfectionism upholds an ‘all or nothing mindset’, causing the assignment at hand to feel daunting and incredibly intimidating to begin (Novotney, 2010). As a result, we self-sabotage by procrastinating which paradoxically makes it impossible to achieve the standards we set for ourselves. This is not necessarily out of laziness, but rather a protective mechanism at play (Long, 2022). We want to protect ourselves from the feelings of incompetency so we will sabotage our best efforts and potential. This way, failure at the task can be blamed on a lack of effort rather than a lack of ability and competence (Jaffe, 2013).
- Emotional Regulation: Procrastination is an issue with managing emotions, not time (Jarrett, 2020). We are aware of how much time we need for the assignment and how much time we are wasting through procrastination, yet we continue to delay completing the task. This is because procrastination serves as a way of finding temporary mood-lifters which will drown out the negative emotions, such as boredom, confusion, and frustration, which the task makes us feel. In fact, research has found that when people were made to feel negatively, by watching a sad video, before completing a task, they procrastinated compared to those who felt neutral and tackled the task immediately (Jarrett, 2020). By giving into temporary mood-lifters we build an avoidance habit which perpetuates procrastination.
- Cognitive Biases: Cognitive biases are essentially thinking errors that warp the way in which we perceive certain situations. Such biases are partially responsible for procrastination as they falsely alter the way we view the task or our own capabilities. For instance, Piers Steel identified that procrastinators tend to view the task as increasing in importance closer to the deadline, when in reality the value of the task remains constant (Jaffe, 2013). This cognitive bias distorts the urgency of the task making procrastination appear reasonable. Another cognitive bias is the false belief that we’ll be more capable and emotionally equipped to handle the task at hand in the future, enforcing procrastination.
How do we overcome procrastination?
- Break Down Tasks into Manageable Steps: Dividing the task at hand into smaller more manageable steps has been proven to reduce the urge to procrastinate. With this method, instead of thinking of writing an entire essay, you first tackle the introduction. This causes the task to be much less intimidating and anxiety-inducing, as well as providing faster gratification, a sense of achievement and autonomy (Jaffe, 2013).
- Reassess and Set Realistic Expectations: As established earlier, the pressure of perfectionism and overly grandiose goals usually results in procrastination. To break this cycle, a mindset shift must be made from “I need to do this perfectly.” to “I need to make progress.”. This way, beginning the task is much less discouraging and an imperfect flow of ideas and momentum begins which can be later tailored and perfected.
- Pomodoro Technique: The Pomodoro Technique involves studying/working for a set amount of time and then taking a short break, for instance, studying/working for 30 minutes and then taking a 10 minute break. While this may sound too simple, the Pomodoro technique has been found to be incredibly effective in decreasing procrastination, sharpening focus, preventing burnout, and boosting motivation. By having a clear studying/working timeframe, beginning the task is less daunting as a break is already in sight (Scroggs, 2024).
- Practice Self-Compassion: Professor Michael Wohl found that students who forgave themselves, treated themselves with gentleness and compassion after procrastinating, were less likely to procrastinate on the next task (Jaffe, 2013). By beating ourselves up for procrastination we generate negative emotions which, as mentioned earlier, have been found to fuel further procrastination. By treating ourselves with compassion, forgiveness, and remembering that procrastination is not necessarily due to laziness or a flaw in our personality, we are able to minimize the chances of procrastinating again.